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NYU IFA LIBRARY
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THEODOKE M. DAVIS'
Excavations :
Bib AN EL MOLUK.
THE TOMB OF
lOUIYA AND TOUIYOU.
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THEODORE M. DAVIS'
EXCAVATIONS: BIBAN EL MOLUK.
THE TOMB OF
lOUIYA AND TOUIYOU.
THE FINDING OF THE TOMB,
liV
THEODORE M. DAVIS.
NOTES ON lOUIYA AND TOUIYOU,
BY
GA8T0N MASPERO.
DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECTS FOUND IN THE TOMB,
BY
PERCY E. NEWBERRY.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE OBJECTS.
HOWARD CARTER.
LONDON: ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO.. LT".
1907.
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N£W YORK UNIVERSITY iiiisiiiiicroii soynBE mm LIBRARY |
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CONTENTS.
Preface ; by Theodore M. Davis
List of Plates and Illustrations
Notice on Iouiya and Touiyou by Professor Gaston Maspero . The Finding of the Tomb by Theodore M. Davis
Description of the Objects found in E. Newberry : —
THE Tomb by Percy
The Sarcophagus of Iouiya
Outer Coffin of Iouiya
Second Coffin of Iouiya
Inner Coffin of Iouiya
Mask and Mummy-straps of Iouiy
Canopio Jar-box of Iouiya
Book of the Dead
The Sarcophagus of Touiyou
Outer Coffin of Touiyou
Inner Coffin of Touiyou
Mask and Mummy-straps of Touiyou
Canopic Jar-box of Touiyou
Funerary Statuettes of Iouiya and Touiyou
Alabaster Vase bearing the names of Amenophis III and Queen
Thyi .... Magical Figure of Iouiya Alabaster Vase Alabaster Vase Dummy Vases Amulets . . .
The Chariot . Chair of Princess Sat-Amen Chair bearing the names of Queen Tiyi and Princess Sat-Amen
Osiris Beds
Coffer bearing the names of Amenophis III
Coffer bearing the names of Amenophis III and Queen Thyi
Staff and Whip
PAGE
VII
IX
XIII
XXV
1
4 6 9 10 11 13 16 19 20 22 23 26
28 29 30 31 32 33 35 37 42 45 46 47 48
PREFACE.
I DESIRE to express my gratitude to ]\Ionsieur Maspero for ^vl•iting the Notes on louiya and Touiyoii.
THEODORE .M. DAVIS.
Newport,
Rhode Island, U.S.A.
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE I.
II.
III.
IV. V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XII I.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
TlIK L'lIAKlOT
FUI.L-FACE AND I'llOl'lLE UK THE MUMMY OF lOUIVA .
i'kofii.e and full-face of the mummy of touiyou
The Entuance to the To.mu
I'oTTERY Bowls found one on ErrnEU side of the Doou to the Inner Chamrer .
THE Dead of Iouiya
Sarcophagus of Iouiya .
Outer Coffin of Iouiya .
Second Coffin of Iouiya.
Inner Coffin of Iouiya .
Canopic Jar-box of Iouiya
Page from Papyrus Book of
Sarcophagus of Touiyou
Outer Coffin of Touiyou
Inner Coffin of Touiyou
Cartonnage Mask of Touiyou
Canopic Jar-box of Touiyou
Canopic Jak with mummified liver surmounted by Carton nage Mask
Gold and silver-plated Siiawabti Figures of Touiyou Wooden Siiawabti Figure of Iouiya .... Wooden Siiawabti Figure of Iouiya with Box Model Implements of Siiawabti Figures
Magical Figure of Iouiya
Model Coffin and Recumbent Figure .... Alabaster Vase of Amenophis III and Queen Tiyi .
Alabaster Vase
Alabaster Vase
Frontispicco
ptcinjj pili/c Xll „ XIV „ XXIV
„ XXVI
foUuivinj paije 48
PLATE
XXVII. Painted dummy Vases of wood .
XXVIII. Painted du.mmy Vases of wood .
XXIX. Painted Stone Vases on wooden stands
XXX. MuMJuiFiED Joints in wooden cases .
XXXI. Mummified Birds in' wooden cases
XXXII. Back view of Chariot ....
XXXIII. Chair of Sat-amen ....
XXXTV. Back view of Chair of Sat-amen
XXXV. Chair with Cushion ....
XXXVI. Chair of Tiyi and Sat-amen.
XXXVII. Bed with Panelled Head-piece .
XXXVIII. Coffer bearing the names of A.\ienothes III
XXXIX. Coffer bearing the names of Amenothes III and Queen
Tiyi
XL. Painted Wooden Box of Amenothes III
XLI. Painted Wooden Boxes of Iouiy'a
XLII. Wig Basket
XLIII. Objects from the Tomb of Iouiya
XLIV. Papyrus and Leather Sandals
folio Wiwj IKKJi
48
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
Plan and Sectional Elevation of the Tomb . Gilt stucco panels from Bed and carved Chaii; back . Decoration on back of the Chair of Princess Sat-amen Left-hand panel of arm of Chair of Sat-amen .
lllGHT-IIAND PANEL OF ARM OF ClIAIR OF SaT-AMEN .
Decoration on back of the Chair bearing names of Queen Tivi and Sat-amen
PAGE XXIV
3G 38 39 40 43
NOTICE ON lOUIYA AND TOUIYOU,
PLATE II .
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NOTICE ON lOUIYA AND TOUIYOU,
BY
G. MASPERO.
Strictly speaking, tliese two iiidividuals ave not in tlieniselves historical characters : it is througli their daughter Tiyi, wife of Amenothes III and motlier of Kliouniatonou, tliat thev attract the attention of modern historians of Egypt.
§ L— NAMES AND TITLES OF THE TWO PERSONAGES.
The name of tlie wife is spelt consistently witli the exception of a few differences in calligra])hy usual at this period. It is written ^ '] ^^' l^'ss frequently '^ t]^' ^']^^' '^^'ith or without tlie female determinative: the i)r()l)al)le reading of it is Touiyou.
The man's name assumes several forms of s])elling, which differ somewhat from each other : these are not all to lie found on the same monument. It appears that each scribe or craftsman employed in the making of th(_' funereal furniture had adojjfed his own rendering of the name for the objects that he <lecorated. (Jn the Wack scpiare sarcophagi and on the gilded cofhns for tlie human remains tlie name is written 'j'^'^^' and exceptionally (] ^^'^' with or without tlie determinative for the dead ; but one meets fltj^f)"^ on the two small .scent chests, and on the canopic boxes i]'^^^' <'ii tJie small ouashbaatiou [ushabti] coffin
— XIV —
the ouashbaatioH (usliabti) themselves ; finally ^^'J^kVl oi' the remains of the gilded cartonage, and ^Sf;'^^ on the small limestone vases capped by figures of animals. All tliese varieties gi'ou}) themselves around two chief forms, both dissyllabic, l)otli beginning with (|(| or with its variants
(] and (]g). once 0. l:)ut Avhere tlie sounds % and "^^ interchange. To
judge from the number of the variants, tlie most usual jn'onunciation would
be fjfj^t]'^ louia, but it would be equally well ju'onounced t)^,']^
laiou by interchange of the vowels, and even ^^^^ ^'m^'m "^'^''<^'^" ^^ names composed exclusively of vowels or semi-vowels, pronunciation has always a tendency to fluctuate more easily than in names that are full of consonants.
Of tlieir titles, some denote real functions, others are those of courtesy. Collecting them together from the monuments throughout whicli tliey are scattered, the following groups are obtained : —
Firstly for the man, J^ or - °n .f^J) or '^^^^j' rV c^^-'veloped into ■]J, with its variants ']!{ ^ and =]J. ^. oikt l(|^gi Ij^^
The al)Ove are tlie real titles of tlie dead. Tlie first indicate his rank at court g nT^V Rapditi-haiti classes him among the feudal nobility, whilst ^1^ Niti? hii'iti and [1 1 Samiroa would accord to him in the raid^s of the priesthood the ])Osition of "one attached to the Person of the king" {Homme fiii collier dii roi) of Lower Egyi»t, and "friend"; the title of "friend" in the titulary of Up})er Egypt appears to correspond with the title "one attached to the Person" in the titulary of Lower Egy})t. The accompanying sjanbols which (lualify the word Ps prove that he held an eminent })lace among the iieoi)lc of this class: he was in truth "the first friend of the friends" i(y| — ^n|yi sftmir tapoa iie samlrou, and "first friend of those who love the king of Uj)]X'r Egypt and of those who love the king of Lower Egypt" pi|<=>%l ^ '^>\.)^ snmir-Uipou maroiirou souton, maronrou baiti, and then " uui(|ue frieml of love" |li7^-J^^ samir udou-m-m.arouU, or Py|^^ samir dou-ni-mdrouit. The second class of titles
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denote the Jictive duties ]ie fiiltille(|. and tliey sliow us tliat his services were of the priestly order. Two of tlieiu are only suggested in passing, and as if with rehictauce, those of "the prophet of jMiiiou " j V sq|= Jionnoutir ni Mtnoii, and "the superintendent of the (sacred) oxen of iMinou, tlie lord of Aklimim " "^^^ ^ ^==^ i] ° ^ ixis-ahaoii ni Minou nab lapou. His title of "master
of the horse, lieutenant of the king for the chariots," comes only once, and seems to jjrove tliat lie liad been connecte<l with the war-administration, not that he ever went to tlie wars. The one title to which he holds and which describes him is that of | J^ iat-noutir, or " divine father," of which the usual variants are | (| ^ iaff-uoiitir and '^ J^, ^^'^ • One of these variants, |']>4.=^S i't{f-»oii(n- ni iKtb tdoiii, "the divine father of the gods of the two lands" (that is to say, the king), is imi)ortant, as we shall have occasion to see.
After the titles proper come titles l)y courtesy, which are numerous.
louiya is called __j]l|^^ ouaou akirou, "the one wise," and ^-=-^ '^ ^
n fi ^ 'T^r ^ffi- '^^c^ U ^ . , ,. ....... , ^
I (I <=r> ^ = r^r saaou ni souton saonkirou vi baiti iii ni nab-taoa-
ka-f, which, translated, verbally means "he who is le fait gmnd of the king of Upper Egypt, h fait sage of the king of Lower Egypt," in French, "cehu que le roi a rendu grand et sage" [lie whom the king has made great and wise], "for whom the king has made his double." One variant gives H-— ^^_^^ sdaou ni nab-iri-khaitou, with the title of "^i^^ "lord [or master] to do what pleases him" wliich belongs to the king. The most noteworthy series of these e])ithets includes the words |y R Hosou and <=> »/aro»/' .• V U(l ■==>«>-=■ V ^ /losuiii puroiii me khaituu /lo.souiuii, literally, " he whose jjraises are sung, coming out from the mass (lit., " from the body") of those whose praises are smig, ' or nearly, " the favoiu'ite excellent above all favourites," ft]t]']I hosoui ni noutir nojir, "the favourite of the good god," vfJlj^g hosoui ni nab-taovi, " t\w favourite of the lord of the two lands," ytjO^^ Iiosoni ni nabou-J] "the favourite of his lord," vOll '^ n^ hosoui ni Huron mepaou-f, " tlie favourite of the Horns in his palace." Most commonly the designation " lord " indicates the king, but in other cases it
denotes a god, yt|i|^~p()^ ^<^ hosoui ni nabou-f Amanon, "the favourite of
his lord Amnion," ^^^^Oc^^: ® ^ — i^ Nab hosouiiou khai' nab-taoui, "the
lord of favour.s under the lord of the two lands," f§f'=^^j
!c=L.^^$iI (iKlou-hosouitou man i/iaroiiif khar nahou-f Osiri. literally, "the
lasting of favours, the unchanging of love under liis lord Osiris,"' ~^<=>
1^ *^ I H ^-— i ^r-D ""^"' maronU khar nahou-f ashaoa hosoidtou me par- suiiton, tliat is to say, " he who rejoices in the unchanging love of liis lord, and wlio has many favours in the Royal Palace" ; in short, he is the ,«, , 1 J mah-iahou iii noutir noiijir, "he who fills the heart of the good god" and- \^(J(Jj^i maroiii iKthoii-f, "he wlio loves his lord," '0} \. ; — '" ^^^ mah- iahou ni souton me ta-re-zarou-f. "lie who fills tlie heart of the kiu"' in the whole land," with otiier ordinary expressions wlucli are used in reference to all ])eoi)le of hiiili rank, - — a'^ 'iVl « oudou iahou iti souton aiie mah- snaou-f, "the unique l)eh)ved of the kinti', without a second," -\\-'^ ' |I dm-iabou ni noutir nojir, "he who is in the heart of the good god," "^ i "^ T W^ ra-ni-souton diikhtnii-nou-huiti, "the mouth of the southern king, the two ears of the northern king," and so on. The whole extent of his favour is summed up in tlie ex])ressive sentence :
^^^S 1 P ^~^ll;^I<^^f "^^S' ''"I'C'fi ^'"'f' int'iou teriou ounouit re shapou hosoulfou nahou-taoui, "tlie prince wlio is called at any hour to receive the jiraises (lit. 'the songs') of tlie lord of both lands." His coffin was tl Q '^=9'=' V — ^' i ^ iroui me liosonitou nit khir souton, " made bv the special favour of the king."
For the wife the titles and formula' are less varied than lor the man. It is apparent that in the beginning her real duties were at court in her capacity of 1'^^ kliakeroutt souten, "dresser to the king," and at the temple of -^ 0 qumait ni Ainaiiou, "cliaiitress of Anion," and of -j^^^ 1]^ 0 ouarit khonai nit Amaiiou, with the variant ^=* VZ|
ouarit kliomdt ni Amanou, "lady of the harem of Anion"; just as her husband was attached to the cult of j\liiiou of Panopolis, as we liave already seen above, she held in relation to that god the same position as she held to Arnon, ^^ ^^ ouarit khonalt ni Minou, " lady of the harem of Minou." Her customary attribute in lier ca])acity of " dresser to the king " is "SAA/v^nT hosouit nit noutir nofir, "favourite of the good god," with the purely grammatical variants vtji] ^ ]I hosoui nit nouttr nofir, and of |tj(j j^
hosoii/t jii iioiifir ')ioJir. Soiiictiiucs, liowcvcr, slic is called yOij ^ hosouit ni Ilatlior, " tlic favoiiicd of llatlior." Always her |iiiiici])al title, that of wliieli she was most |ii'()1mI, and which brouiiht licr chicfh' hclore the notice of her contemporaries, is that of L^]^^- ^•"■'•'"M ^ 1 ^S maout souton iii Jiimif soiilon oiuirit, "royal mother of tlie cliief-wife of the king." This is I'epeatcfl jealously on the cotfins, on tlie fiinntiire, on the ouashhaation [nshabti figures], in such a mannei' that the day an intruder should penetrate into the tomh, he would know from what to refrain on account of the (piality of one of the i)ersons resting there, and would not be able to plead the excuse of ignorance if he lu'rsistetl in his intention of despoiling the nunnmy.
To sum \\\), louiya and Toniyou possessed a double set of titles, corresponding to tlie two successive conditions of their career. At their outset they are people of mediocre ]»osition. Tlie one, louiya, is "divine father."" that is to say, if the title is a })riestly title, he occupied one of the least important positions in the ])riestly oi'der. one which was bestowed upon children ; the other, Touiyou, tills a j)Osition which firings her into relations with the
sovereign, that of "dresser" [mistress of the robes] fi- and she is, like all the ladies who attended the court, " chantress of Anion." Perhajis the titles that belong to them in the priesthood and administration of the god Minou of Panopolis show to us that the two conjointly, or at least the more im})ortant of the two, namely, louiya, originally came from Akhmim.
There is, jierliaps, reason to think that the post occupied at court by Touiyou facilitated the marriage of her daughter with the sovereign. The tlaughter came to the palace, where she would i-eside with her mother, supposing the latter to have had aiiartments therein, as it is })ossible, considering lier position ; it is there that Amenothes III, or, if the marriage was arranged by the regent-mother of Amenotlies III, that the former was able to see the 3-oung girl. It has ha])pened more than once in Oriental harems that a woman of no jjarticular position, or a simple slave, devoted to the amusement of a young prince whilst waiting the ojijiortunity for a suitable marriage, lias gained so great a hold upon her young master that she has got herself espoused and liecome queen. What we now know of the ])areiits of Tiyi and of their circumstances, allows us to conjecture some such adventvu'e. The Pharaoh, in making their daughter his wife, loaded them with favours, and heaped on them the second mass of titles of which I have spoken : there it was that louiya became dicine father of the lord of both lands, if
3
the title must really, as Borchardt has given very good reasons to believe, he interpreted in such cases fafher-in-ldin of the kin(j} For tlie rest, we do not see that tliey i)laye(l any part in State atl'airs : they remained tlie private ])arents of a (|iie('n. and were never otlierwise.
§ II.— THE CHILDREN.
Touiyou liad two cluldren, or at least Ave know the names of two of her children, the only ones perhaps wlio lived to grow uj) : a son whose existence has l)een ju-oved to us Ijy the legends on her sarcophagus and on her coffin,
^ I y (I x^^lj i-.L^^w] Sai-s Jioiwoufir mah-snnoti vi Amanou liosoui ni nmitir nofir Annenou^ "the second piopliet of Anion, tlie tavourite of the gooil god Aanenoii."" Tlie daugjiter Itecanie the <^u'ell Tiyi |t|t]\'^^' the favourite of Amenotlies III and the mother of Amenothes IV Khouniatonou. None of the insrriptioiis found in the tomb .'^ay that Tiyi was the daughter of louiya, and one would he able to sujipose that she was born of a previous marriage of Touiyou, if the legends on the large scarabs of Amenothes III did not dehnitelv state tliat slie had as father louiva
-^W
For the last half-century many efforts have been made to provt' that (^ueen Tiyi was not of Egyptian extraction, but Asiatic, in conse(|uence of her father and mother being 8yrians, whether jtrivate iudixidiials or })rinces. Without dwelling upon more remote work, I will (piote what has been Avritten upon this subject by IVtrie and Ihidge in their histories of Egypt. Petrie comes to the conclusion from tlii> facial type of Tiyi ujion the monuments and the resemblance which she bears to one of the Asiatic prisoners at Karnak, "that she lielonged to Xorthern Syria." He declares that the name of her jiarents may equally well be Egyjitian as foreign, Init from the character of the titles which she liears, he concludes she was an hereditary i)rince.ss of blood royal. "She could liave easily been grand- " daughter of an Egyptian king and (pieen, her mother Tliuaa having lieen " iiiarried to some North Syrian pi'ince Viiaa. Thus she would have the
' L. Ijiirehardt, chr wgyptUchc Titd " Vnter dcs Gotten" ah Bezeirhnunij fur " Vatcr oder Schiuiegervatcr dcs Koenirjs" extract from the llcrklitc dcr K. Siirhsisv/icn Grscthclmft der Wisscnncluiftcn zu Leipzig, LVIT. iiji. 256-270.
— XIX —
" right to lie ;i ' [ii-iii('»'ss (if lidtli lands;' licv iiaiiic might he Kgvptiaii ; and " slic woidd riglitfullv lill tlic pi'oniiiicnt place she did in Kgypt ; while her " ])hysiognoiiiy would he Syrian. This view cannot he yet |»i-o\'e(h hut it " certainly fullils all (he conditions closely."'
Budge, on his side, assures ns tliat " of all tW Mesoiiotaniian or North " Syrian women whom Amen-hetej) married, the hest heloved was the
" heautifnl Thi, or Tii ■. . None of the other Asiatic wives was
"acknowledged to he '(^liiccii of Egypt,' this honour being reserved solely
"for the lady Thi : she seems not to have helonged to any royal
"house in Mesopotamia, l»iit it is perfectly certain that she was accorded the " highest rank and honour which a woman conld ohtain in Kgy])t, when she " is descrilted as 'royal daughter, royal sister, royal mother, royal wife, great " lady, lady of the South and North.' The lady with whom she is identitied "is re])resented as having a fair complexion and l»lue vyc:^, and she has all " the phj'sical characteristics of the women belonging to certain families who "may be seen in North-Eastern S}Tia to this day."^
It is interesting to look into the reasons that moved the Egyptologists of the last generation to l)elieve and attempt to prove that queen Tiyi was a foreigner. Some are of moral sort, others material. Struck, in fact, l»v the influence she exercised over her son Amenothes IV, and by the j)art which she seemed to take in the ritual of the cult of Atonou, they questioned if it was not owing to her that this cult came into such sudden favour. Just as Atonou has the ring of the names of the Semitic divinities Adonai, Adonis, they concluded that Atonou was a Semitic god, in consequence of the queen being a Semite, or at least of Syrian extraction. In searching for proofs of the al)Ove hypothesis, they found them clad in a shroud of facts, or rather conjectures, which they arranged for themselves skiltully. There was in the
"Bab el-Harim "" the tomb ol' a (jueen whose name A^ Taiti, transcribed into modern languages, presented a remote similarity with that of |Qt]\\Jj Tiyi: these they identitied with each other, and all that is attributed to the second they attributed to the tirst. Again, in 1893, Mr. Budge showed tliat "the "tondi of a ipieen Thi, who is designated royal daughter, royal sister, royal " wife, chief lady, regent of the North and South,"' was opened at the beginning "of tliis century at Thebes. It Avould hardly be possible to doulit that this
1 I'etrie, A Hidonj of Egypt, ord edit., Vol. 11, pp. 182, 18^.
- Bi;dge, A History of Egypt, Vol. IV, pp. 96-98.
^ Brugsch, Bcmcil de 3Ioni(inents Egyptiens, Vol. II, PL LXIII, i.
"was tlic toinl) of tlic ])viiirii)al wife of Aiiiciio]iliis TTT. Tlic portrait of this '' lady ' repivsents licr with a fair ooni])lexion and blue eyes ; the colour of " the skin is that of the complexion of the original jieople of the north-east of "Syria. Thi was t lie mother of Amenoi)his IV. She also ga\'e hirth to a "daughter .Set-Anien.~ The British Museum possesses a kohl pot of l)lue "faience^ and a doul)k' case for kohl in wood ^ with the name of Ameiiophis " and of Thi. They formed, jn'obahly, part of the toilet reipiisites deposited " in the tonili for the use of the queen."' '" The identification was a mistake, and the (jueen 1)uried at Bal) el-IIarim had nothing in connnon with Tiyi, not
even the name ; she was called Taiti ^^,- as I have said l)efore, and she lived during the XXth dynasty, as is proved by the character of her tomb.
The ])oints brought forward to give proof of her Asiatic origin do not exist, or prove nothing. She has not blue eyes, as is ordinarily stated : the drawing by Rosellini, to which one refers for detail, gives her dark eyes, and the lilue eyes which one sees in CHisloire de I' Art Ef/i/ptien are a restoration Iiy Prisse d'Avennes, which nothing tliat is to lie seen on the monuments justifies. As to the white, oi' rather piid<, hue witli which the skin of Taiti is coloured, I have already had occasion to i)oint out by numerous examples that this was the fashion at many times during the Tlieban i)eriod : the men and women i)ainted tliemselves in tliis manner to lighten the colour of their skin, and it would be wrong to see a suggestion of origin in what was merely a cajtrice of fashion. The identification of Taiti with Tiyi cannot be upheld a moment when the original documents have been resorted to ; but the mistake by which this had been produced, and the false conclusions drawn from it, once it was scattered through the worhl of scholars and intelligent readers, could no more be destroyed. Assyriologists in particular are attached to this theory with still greater persistency i)erliaps than Egyptologists, and it is they above all who have insisted that Tiyi was daughter and sister of the kings of Mitanni. The chief reason they bring forward is that these princes call her " their sister ; " but the terms "lirother" and "sister" already formed i)art of the international courtesies at this distant e])Och, and no more than now in such a case would
1 Eoscllini, Moiiuinenti Storici, I'l. XIX, Xu. 22.
- This is proved liy an iusci-iption engraved on a piece of wood in the British Museum, iN"o. 5899r<.
3 No. 25726, Fourtli Egyptian Hall, Xurlh Gallery, Case E.
* No. 2598«, Fouith Egyptian Hall, Case E.
5 Bezold-Budge, The Tell el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum, pp. xix, xx.
it iiaply I'aiiiily ivlatioiislii]). Evcrytliiii!;' considered, tlie Jiyiiotlicsis of Syrian origin I'oi' <ihieen Tiyi rests ii])on a, collection ol' mistaken theories and of badly interpreted facts ; and as slie lierself was tlie oidy valid I'eason for making loui^'a and Toniyou foreigners, the desire to make tlieni other than Egyptian must he renounced at once. Eqnally their titles connect them with Egyptian sacred rites. Their names have not the form of ^litanni names as Donshratta, Tadoukhipa, (iiloukhi])a, I)ut tliey resemble Libyan names so fu'cpient in"Egyj)t.
The racial type of the woman is like enough that of the qneen Tiyi according to the statues, and it is certain that she very closely resembled her mother ; notwitlistanding that, she possesses some of the hrnniess noticeable in lier father. As to deciding from these i)articulars whether her })arents were of African or Asiatic race, T will not hazard an opinion ; nothing is less certain than ethnographical conclusions drawn from the examination of bas-reliefs when it is not concerned with races as ditferent in tyi)e as black from white. A people like that of the Egyptians con- tained in themselves evei-y variety of type possible, whether these types spring naturally and witliout mixing from the original type, whether they result from alliances more or less remote with individuals belonging to a foreign unmixed race, or to tlie Egyptian race contaminatt'd more or less by foreign elements. The jirohle of the queen Tiyi recalls to ^Ir. Petrie that of a Syrian prisoner. The head of a statuette of this same queen discovered at Sinai during the winter of l!)U-3, recalls to me the inq)ression of women of the Ababdehs and Begas whom I ha\'e seen at Assuan ; I could thus assign to louiya a Nubian origin. When criticism is so undecided, the best is to abstain and to reserve judgment. Until we have new evidence, I shall consider that hjuiya, Touiyou, and Tiyi as being natives of the country wherein thev lived and where their nunnniies liave Iteen found.
§ III.— THEIR AGE.
louiya and Touiyou died at a tiiirly advanced age : their hairs are white, and the examination of tlu'ir liodies does not contradict the verdict of their hair. It will not l)e a mistake to state that they had reached an age over sixty. From the relative position of the tw^o sarcophagi in the toml), it seems that the husband was the hrst to die ; but the materi;d is lacking to decide this question.
THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF lOUlYA
AND TOUIYOU.
Sectional Elevation.
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— XXV —
rilE FINDING OF THE TOMB 01- lOUIYA
AND TOUIYOU.
L\ the "Valley of the Kings," on the west side of the Nile at Thebes, there is a narrow lateral valley, nearly lialf a mile lon^i;-, leading u\) to the nionntain. At the mouth of tliis valley there is a foothill about sixty feet higli, in the side of which Ramses III commenced a tomb, and lieyond which Ramses XII excavated his tonili. In the winters of 1902 and lOUo I undertook to clear and explore this valley, commencing just above the tomb of Ramses XII, and continuing my work until I reached tlie uioiiiitain. It residte(l in the discovery of the toml)s of Thoutmosis IV and of (^leen Ilatshopsitu.
On the 2()th of ])eceml)er, l'.)U4, 1 resiuiied my exi)lorations in tlie lower end of the latend valley, which I was enal)led to do owing to the kindness of Mr. J. E. (luibell, the Chief Inspector at Thebes, who, with the ai)proval of Monsieur Masp)ero, Director-General of the Cairo jMuseum, untlertook tlie emi)loyment and su}ierintendence of my workmen, pending my arrival in the valley.
On my arrival in January, lUUo, I found that tlie woik on the location selected had yielded uotliiug and gave no ])romise. Consequently I abandoned the site, and transferred my workmen to the unexplored space between the tombs of Ramses III and Itanises XII, heretofore described.
The site was most iiuiiromising, lying as it did between the Ramses tombs, which had required many men for many years ; theretbre it did not seem possible that a toml) could have existed in so narrow a s])ace without being discovered. As an original proposition 1 would not have exj)lon'd it, and certainly no Egyptologist, exploring with anotlier person's monev, would have thought of risking the time and expense. But I knew every yard of the lateral valley, except the space described, and I decided that good exi)loration justitied its investigation, and that it would be a satisfaction to know the entire valley, even if it yielded nothing.
4
— XXVI —
From till' 2-)t]i of .Taiiuaiy, 190t"J, until the -"itli of Feltniarv, the work progressed without sign of ])roniise. My daily visits were most discouraging, but on my arrival at the work on the Gtli February, I was greeted by my Reis (C!ii)tain) and workmen with great acclamation. I ([uickly made my way to the sjjot, where I saw a few inches of the top of a well-cut stone step, which promised steps below and the possible existence of a tomb.
From the Gth of February until the 11th my workmen were hard at work removing the overhanging dchris which concealed the do(jr ; but before the night of the lltli a small portion of the doorway was exposed, and from that moment the opening was guarded day aud night by policemen and valley guards. At the close of the twelfth day the door was entirely cleared — a most satisfactory sigiit ! 'It was cut in the solid rock, and was 4"U2 metres high and 135 wide, with a decorated lintel. The doorway was closed within eighteen inches of the top with flat stones, about twelve inches by four, laid in Nile mud plaster. This opening clearly indicated that, at some early date, the tonil) had been entered and })ro1)ably rol)bed — a most unwelcome indication ! Although it was nearly dark, I concluded to have a look through the opening. j\lr. Arthur AVeigall, the appointed Init not formally conttrmed Cliief Inspector in succession to Mr. (iuibell, had ridden out to tlie valley with me, and was invited to join me in the flrst sight of tlie corridor of the toml). The opening was chin high, but we could dindy see a few yards of the corridor, which seemed to be about five feet wide and high, with a steep decline. As soon as my eyes became used to the seuii-darkness, I saw what I thought to be a cane, or small club, lying on the floor a few feet from the doorway. Neither of us coidd get up to the oi)ening, nor through it, without a ladder — which did not exist in tlie valley — so I selected a small native boy and had him lifted uj) to the opening, throuiih wliich he entered. We watched the bov closelv and saw him pick up the cane ; then he came towards us, picked n\) two other objects and ■jjassed them to me. They proved to be a wooden staff of ofiice, a neck yoke, and a large stone scarab, covered more or less witli gold-ibil, which made it seem, at first glance, to be solid gold.
napi>ily, Monsieur ^laspero was on his dahabeah at Luxor, and, as soon as I reached mine, I wrote him a nott' asking hiui to come over and see something worth looking at. Shortly thereaiter he came, Ibllowed by Professor Sayce, and we not only enjoyed the discoveries of the da}-, but were even more interested in the ownership of the tomb, as to which we had not the slightest clue, ^lonsieur j\Iaspero requested me to open and enter
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th(' tonil) next (lay, that lie luiglit sliow it to 11. 1!. II. the Duke of Coimaiiglit aii<l party, who were expected to arrive on the following afternoon.
Conse([nently, ne.\t morning. Monsieur Maspei'o and .Mr. Weigall joined me at tlie tomb, and 1 ;it once .st't the men to work taking down the wall which barred the outer door. It was very slow work, as every stone had to be examined for hieroglyphs and signs, and every basket of sand and dfhris sifted and examined for ol)j(,'Cts of interest wliicli might be concealed in the de])Osit. However, nothing was found, and, in the course of an hour or so, the doorway was cleared.
The electric wire had been installed at the outer doorway, but as the introduction down the corridor would have reipiired tlu' services of electricians, we concluded tliat it would Ite safer to use candles for our entry and examinations. Monsieur Maspero and I and, at my invitation, Mr. Weigall, each with a candle, started down the corridor, which ])roved to be I'To metres wide and 2"0d metres high, cut out of the solid rock and descending .so .sharply as to require care not to fall. It was neither painted nor inscribed. After descending about twenty feet, we found a shelf cut into one side of the wall and on it a large ceremonial wig made of flax and dyed l)lack, also an armful of dried flowers which doubtless were offerings to the dead (as is done in our day and generation). Passing on some '.) metres, we came to another ffight of stone steps descending almost perpendicularly, at the bottom of which we found a doorway 2'10 metres high and I'^O metres wide, closed with stones set in Nile nnid plaster, with an o})ening at the top of about the same size as was found in the ffrst doorway, confirming our fears of a robbery. The face of the wall was })lastered with nuid and stamped from top to bottom with seals.
On either side of this doorway, carefidly placed to esca])e injury, stood a reddish pottery bowl al)out twelve inches wide, showing the Hnger-marks of the man who with his hands gathered the nnid and plastered it on the doorway wall. In each bowl was a wid(^ wooden stick, evidently used to scrape the mud from his hands. Having co])ied the seals, we investigated the possibility of entry without taking down the wall. We found that the opening which the robber had made was too high and too small to allow of Monsieur Maspero getting through without injury. Though we had nothing but our bare hands, we managed to take down the u])per layer of stones, and then Monsieur j\Iasi)ero and I put oui' heads and candles into the chamber, which enaljled us to get a glimpse of shining gold covering some kind of furniture, though we coidd not identify it. This stimulated us to
make the entry witliout further enlarging tlie opening. I managed to get over tlie wall and i'oiind myseli' in tlie sepulchral chamber. With considerable dirticulty Ave liclped Monsieur Maspero safely to scale the obstruction, and then Mr. Weigall made his entry. The cliamber was as dark as dark could be and extremely hot. Oui' first quest was the name of the owner of the tomb, as to whicli we liad not the slightest knowledge or suspicion. We held up our candles, but they gave so little light and so dazzled our eyes that we could see nothing excei)t the glitter of gold. In a moment or two, however, I made out a very large wooden coffin, known as a funeral sled, which was used to contain all the coffins of the dead i)er.son and liis munmiy and to convey them to liis tomb. It was about six feet higli and eight feet long, made of wood covei'cd with bitumen, which was as bright as the day it was \)nt on. Around the upi)er part of the coffin was a strijie of gold-foil, about six inches wide, covered with hieroglyphs. On calling Monsieur Masjjero's attention to it, he inuDediately handed me his candle, which, together with my own. I held l)efore my eyes, close to the inscriptions so that he could read them. In an instant he .-^aid, " louiya." Naturally excited l)y the announcement, and blinded liy the glare of tlie candles, I involuntarily advanced them veiy near the coffin ; wliereiipon Monsieur Maspero cried out, " Be careful ! " and jmlled my hands l)ack. In a nioiiieiit we realized that, had my candles touched the l)itumen, whicli I came dangerously near doing, the coffin would lia\e been in a blaze. As the entire contents of tlie toml) were intiainmalile, and directly opposite the coffin was a corridor leading to the open air and making a draught, we undoubtedly should have lost our lives, as the only escape was by the corridor, which would lia\e necessitated climbing over the stone wall barring the doorway. This would have retarded our exit for at least ten minutes.
As soon as we realised the danger we had escaped, we made our way out of the cliamber and, seating ourselves in the corridor, sent for workmen, who took down the door blocking the doorway. Then the electricians brought down the wires with l)ulbs attached, and we made our .-second entry into the chamber, eacli of us furnished with electric lights which we held over our heads, and we saw that t'very foot of the clianil)er was tilled with objects brilliant with gold. In a corner stood a chariot, the pole of which had 1)een broken by the weight of a coffin lid that the roliber had evidently dejjosited ui)on it. AVithin a foot or two of the chariot stood two alabaster vases of great beauty and in perfect condition.
— XIIX —
From tiR' neck of one of the vases liiiiin' sIihmIs of iiminiiiv-clotli wliicli had originally covered the iiioiitli of tlie vase. Evidently the robber, expecting the contents to be valuable, tore otl' the cloth. Three thousand years thei-eafter 1 looked into the vase with like expectation ; both of us were disai)pointed, for it contained onl\' a li(|uid whicli was first tlionght to l)e honey, bnt which subseqnently jn-oved to be natron.
Tlie mnnnnies of loniya and Touiyon were lying in their coffins. Originally each nnnnniy was enclosed in three coffins ; the inner one holding the hodj. Evidently the rol)l)er had taken the inner coffins out and then had taken off their lids, though he did not take the bodies out of their coffins, Init contented himself with strijiping off the mummy-cloth in which they were wrapijcd. The stripping was done I>y scratching off the cloth with his nails, seeking only the gold oi-naments or jewels. At least that seems to have been tlie manner of robbing the bodies, as we found in both coffins, on either side of the bodies, great (piantities of nnnnmy-cloth torn into small 1)its. Among the slireds were found numerous valuable religions .symI)ols, several scaralxs, and varions olijects of interest and beauty. In lifting the body of louiya from his coffin, we found a necklace of large beads made of gold and of la})is lazuli, strung on a strong thread, which the robber had